1. DATE COMMAND
-----------------------------------
date +%<option>
date "+%m %y"
m
month numeric (output 08)
h
momth Character (output Aug)
d
The day of the month (output 1 to 31 date)
D
The date in the formate(mm/dd/yy) (output month\day\year)
T
The Time in the format hh:mm:yy (output 18:25:37)
y
The last two digits of the year
H
Hours
M
Minute
S
Second
Y
full year (output 2011)
2. LIST COMMAND
---------------------------------
ls -<option>
a
All filenames including those beginning with a dot
d
Only filenames beginning with a dot.
i
Inode number unic identity
l
Long listing in ASCII collating sequance
L
First text file after folder ascending order
r
Sort filename in reverse order(ASCII collating sequence by default)
s
Total size of file with file name
t
Filenames sorted by last modification time
u
Filenames sorted by last accrss time
e
Owner read write pamutable
x
Multicolumnar output
F
Marks executable with *,directories with / and symbolic links with @
lt
Sorts listing by last modification time
lu
Sorts by ASCII collating sequence but listing shows last access time
lut
As above but sorted by last access time
others
etc
Filenames in/etc
-d /etc
Only /etc
-ld /etc
Listing of /etc
-ls lRa
Recursive listing of all filename in file system
3. WHO COMMAND
----------------------------------
who current users name
whoami current pc
who -<option>
H
heading
u
idle time of pc
4. CAL COMMAND //CALENDER
---------------------------------
cal <option>
cal
current month calender
cal current month calender
cal 2010 specific year cal.
cal 08-2011 specific month
5. PS COMMAND //VIEWING PROCESSES
------------------------------
ps display the process owner
Note := you can use - or not both are same output.
ps -<option>
l
Long listing showing memory-related information
u
username
u urs
Processes of user usr only
a
how many users online or Processes of all usera excluding processes not associated with terminal
f
Full listing showing the PPID of each process
e or A All processes including user and system processes
aux
Display filename and folder
t
Processes running on terminal term(say/dev/console) or term or filename
6. WC COMMAND //WORD COUNT
-------------------------------
wc Counting Lines, Words and Characters
wc -<option>
l
Number of Lines
w
Number of words
c
Number of characters
l <
filename
ls | wc -l folder and file count
7. CAT COMMAND
---------------------------------
cat > filename (creat file name)
cat filename (open file)
cat -v
Displaying nonprinting Character
cat -n
Number of line
8. UNAME COMMAND
----------------------------------------
uname
or unemw -s
Display the name of the operating System
uname -r
Disply the virson operating system
uname -n
The first word of the domain name
a
Display all details and You can use the -an,-as and -ar
9. PWD(present working directory)COMMAND
-----------
pwd
Displys the absolute pathname
10. MKDIR COMMAND //MAKING DIRECTORIES
--------------------------------------
mkdir
Create New Directory in Specific Drive
mkdir
veer data data1
this command will create individual directory
mkdir
veer veer/data veer/data1
this command generate tree as below
veer
/\
/ \
/ \
Data Data1
11. RMDIR COMMAND //REMOVING DIRECTORIES
---------------------------------------
rmdir <file name>
Removing file
rmdir veer veer/data veer/data1
Actually this command Remove Child Directories but Parent directory remain as it's
rmdir veer/data veer/data veer
This command Remove parent and child directory
12. CD COMMAND //CHANGE DIRECTORIES
------------------------------
cd
Display the main directories // home/owner
cd .
this represents the current directory
cd ..
this represents the parent directory or move one level up
cd ./filename
Add the child directories
cd ../..
Move two level up
13. CP COMMAND //COPY
----------- -------------------
cp <Firstfilename Secondfilename>
the first is copied to the second
cp -i <Firstfilename Secondfilename>
//INTERACTIVE COPY
cp -R <Firstfilename Secondfilename>
//RECURVELY TO COPY OR COPY DIRECTORIES STRUCTURES
//overwrite yes / no
14. RM COMMAND //REMOVE FILE
-------------------------------
rm *
Remove all Files
rm -<option>
i
Interactive Deletion //user for confirmtion before each file
r or R
Recursive Deletion
r *
Behaves partially like rmdir
f
Forcfully Remove files
rf *
Delete everything in the current directory
15. MV COMMAND // MOVE FILE
-------------------------------
mv command have two points
1.
It renames file or directory
2.
It moves a group of file to file to different directory
mv <files move> to <file>
//MOVE
mv <old filename> <new filename>
//RENAME
16. DIFF COMMAND // CONVERTING ONE FILE TO OTHER
------------------------------------
diff <first filename> <second filename>
17. CHMOD COMMAND //CHANGING FILE PERMISSIONS
-----------------------------------
ls -l <filename> Display permission
chmod <option> <filename>
l
file need to be change
u
user
o
Other
a
All(ugo)
+--
Assigns premission
---
Removes permission
=--
Assigns absoulute permission
666
Read and Write permission
r
Read permission
w
write permission
x
Execute permission
644
To assign all pemission tothe owner read and write permission
To the group and omly executepermission to other use this
000
All permission are remove
777
Granted all permission
R
Recursively
-R 755
Works on hidden files
_R a+x
Leaves out hidden files
18. GREP COMMAND //SEARCHING FOR A PATTERM
----------------------------------
grep <argument> <filename> [<second filename>]
grep -<pattern> <filename> .* All line display
grep -<option>
i
Ignores case for matching
v
Doesn't display line matching expression
n
Display line number along with lines
c
Display count of numbers of occurrences
l
Display list of filenames only
e exp
Specifies expression with this option Can use multiple times Also use for
matching expression beginning with a hyphen
x
Matches pattern with entire line
f
Takes patterns from file one per line it need to second filename
E
Treats pattern as an extended regular expression (ERE)
F
Matches multiple fixed string
19. Different Command
----------------------------------
grep "[small letter and Capital letter] " <filename>
eg. grep "v[iI]j[aA]y" list
*
eg. grep "v[iI]j*[aA]y" list
grep "^v" list
Display Starting character v
grep "^[^a]" list Anywhere "a" than this record should display
grep "a...$" Specifices position "a" this record should display
ls -l | grep "^d" Shows only directories
grep -E '(vi|a)jay' list
output
vijay
ajay
// sanjay can't be display
grep -E '(jamnagar|rajkot)' list
20. SED COMMAND // STREAM EDITOR
--------------------
sed '3q' list
First three Record display here q = Quit
sed -n '1,2p' list
First two line display here p= print
sed -n '$p' list
Display last line
sed -n '3,$p' list
Don't print lines 3 to end
sed -n '/jamnagar/p' list
Display specific place or /jamnagar/,/rajkot/
21. DELETE USING SED COMMAND
-------------------------------------------------------------
sed '/jamnagar/d' list
sed 'v/|/:/' list1
22. HEAD COMMAND
----------------------------------
head -n 3 list
First three line display
head -n 5 list | tee list1
list file is empty
23. TAIL COMMAND
--------------------------------
tail -n 3 list
Last three line display
tail +5 list
First four line skeep
tail -c -512 list
Copies last 512 bytes from list
tail -c +512 list
Copies everything afterskipping 511 byte
24. CUT COMMAND
---------------------
cut -<option>
c <specific character no.>
To extract Cut the specific columns
eg. cut -c 2-3 list
d
f
using cut command then copy another file
cut -d \| -f 2.3 slist | tree list1
25. PASTE COMMAND
-----------------------------------
paste <oldfilename> <newfilename>
paste -d "|" <old filenae> <new filename>
paste -s -d "||\n" list
output
vijay |jay |pankaj
jignesh |rahul |amit as it's
26. SORT COMMAND
----------------------------------
sort -<option>
tchar
Uses delimiter char to identify fields
k n
Sort on nth field
k m,n
Start sort on "m"th field and ends sort on "n"th field
k m.n
Start sort on "n"th column of "m"th fiels
u
Removes repeated line
n
Sorts numerically
r
Reverses sort order
f
Folder lowercase to equivalent uppercase (case insensitive sort)
m list
Merges sorted files in list
c
Checks if file is sorted
o flname Places output in file flname
27. FIND COMMAND
--------------------------------
find -name "*.txt" -print
All files extension
find -name '[A-Z]' -print
Single quates will also do
cd; find . -type d -print 2>/dev/null
shows the . also Display hidden directories also
find -mtime -2 -print
Display list of file and folder
find -<operation>
find . ! -name "*.txt" -print
Select all text file
-inum n
Having inode number n
-type x
If of type x,x can be f(ordinary file).d (directory) or l(symbolic link)
-type f
if an ordinary file
-perm nnn
If octal permission match nnn completely
-link n
If having n link
-user usname
If owned by usname
-group gname
If owned by group gname
-size +x[c]
If size greater than blocks (characters if c is also specified)
-mtime -x
If modified in less than x days
-newer flnmae
If modified after flnmae
-mmin -x
If modified in less than x minutes (Linux only)
-atime +x
If accessed in more than x days
-aminv+x
If accessed in more than x minutes (Linux only)
-name flnmae
Flname
-iname flname
As above but match is case-insensitive(Linux only)
-follow
After following a symbolic link
-prune
But don't desend directory if matched
-mount
But don't look in other file system
28. PASSWD COMMAND
--------------- ------------------------
passwd
password changing
